Wordpress
Basic Information
Uploaded files go to: http://10.10.10.10/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/a.txt Themes files can be found in /wp-content/themes/, so if you change some php of the theme to get RCE you probably will use that path. For example: **Using theme twentytwelve you can access the 404.php file in: [/wp-content/themes/twentytwelve/404.php](http://10.11.1.234/wp-content/themes/twentytwelve/404.php) Another useful url could be: [/wp-content/themes/default/404.php*](http://10.11.1.234/wp-content/themes/twentytwelve/404.php)\***
In wp-config.php you can find the root password of the database.
Default login paths to check: /wp-login.php, /wp-login/, /wp-admin/, /wp-admin.php, /login/
Main WordPress Files
index.php
license.txt
contains useful information such as the version WordPress installed.wp-activate.php
is used for the email activation process when setting up a new WordPress site.Login folders (may be renamed to hide it):
/wp-admin/login.php
/wp-admin/wp-login.php
/login.php
/wp-login.php
xmlrpc.php
is a file that represents a feature of WordPress that enables data to be transmitted with HTTP acting as the transport mechanism and XML as the encoding mechanism. This type of communication has been replaced by the WordPress REST API.The
wp-content
folder is the main directory where plugins and themes are stored.wp-content/uploads/
Is the directory where any files uploaded to the platform are stored.wp-includes/
This is the directory where core files are stored, such as certificates, fonts, JavaScript files, and widgets.
Post exploitation
The
wp-config.php
file contains information required by WordPress to connect to the database such as the database name, database host, username and password, authentication keys and salts, and the database table prefix. This configuration file can also be used to activate DEBUG mode, which can useful in troubleshooting.
Users Permissions
Administrator
Editor: Publish and manages his and others posts
Author: Publish and manage his own posts
Contributor: Write and manage his posts but cannot publish them
Subscriber: Browser posts and edit their profile
Passive Enumeration
Get WordPress version
Check if you can find the files /license.txt
or /readme.html
Inside the source code of the page (example from https://wordpress.org/support/article/pages/):
meta name
CSS link files
JavaScript files
Get Plugins
Get Themes
Extract versions in general
Active enumeration
Plugins and Themes
You probably won't be able to find all the Plugins and Themes passible. In order to discover all of them, you will need to actively Brute Force a list of Plugins and Themes (hopefully for us there are automated tools that contains this lists).
Users
ID Brute
You get valid users from a WordPress site by Brute Forcing users IDs:
If the responses are 200 or 30X, that means that the id is valid. If the the response is 400, then the id is invalid.
wp-json
You can also try to get information about the users by querying:
Only information about the users that has this feature enable will be provided.
Also note that /wp-json/wp/v2/pages could leak IP addresses.
XML-RPC
If xml-rpc.php
is active you can perform a credentials brute-force or use it to launch DoS attacks to other resources. (You can automate this process using this for example).
To see if it is active try to access to /xmlrpc.php and send this request:
Check
Credentials Bruteforce
wp.getUserBlogs, wp.getCategories or metaWeblog.getUsersBlogs are some of the methods that can be used to brute-force credentials. If you can find any of them you can send something like:
The message "Incorrect username or password" inside a 200 code response should appear if the credentials aren't valid.
Also there is a faster way to brute-force credentials using system.multicall
as you can try several credentials on the same request:
DDoS or port scanning
If you can find the method pingback.ping inside the list you can make the Wordpress send an arbitrary request to any host/port. This can be used to ask thousands of Wordpress sites to access one location (so a DDoS is caused in that location) or you can use it to make Wordpress lo scan some internal network (you can indicate any port).
If you get faultCode with **a value greater then 0** (17), it means the port is open.
Take a look to the use of system.multicall
in the previous section to learn how to abuse this method to cause DDoS.
wp-cron.php DoS
This file usually exists under the root of the Wordpress site: /wp-cron.php
When this file is accessed a "heavy" MySQL query is performed, so I could be used by attackers to cause a DoS.
Also, by default, the wp-cron.php
is called on every page load (anytime a client requests any Wordpress page), which on high-traffic sites can cause problems (DoS).
It is recommended to disable Wp-Cron and create a real cronjob inside the host that perform the needed actions in a regular interval (without causing issues).
Bruteforce
Using the correct credentials you can upload a file. In the response the path will appears (https://gist.github.com/georgestephanis/5681982)
DDOS
/wp-json/oembed/1.0/proxy - SSRF
Try to access https://worpress-site.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/proxy?url=ybdk28vjsa9yirr7og2lukt10s6ju8.burpcollaborator.net and the Worpress site may make a request to you.
This is the response when it doesn't work:
SSRF
This tool checks if the methodName: pingback.ping and for the path /wp-json/oembed/1.0/proxy and if exists, it tries to exploit them.
Automatic Tools
Panel RCE
Modifying a php from the theme used (admin credentials needed)
Appearance → Editor → 404 Template (at the right)
Change the content for a php shell:
Search in internet how can you access that updated page. In thi case you have to access here: http://10.11.1.234/wp-content/themes/twentytwelve/404.php
MSF
You can use:
to get a session.
Plugin RCE
PHP plugin
It may be possible to upload .php files as a plugin. Create your php backdoor using for example:
Then add a new plugin:
Upload plugin and press Install Now:
Click on Procced:
Probably this won't do anything apparently, but if you go to Media, you will see your shell uploaded:
Access it and you will see the URL to execute the reverse shell:
Uploading and activating malicious plugin
(This part is copied from https://www.hackingarticles.in/wordpress-reverse-shell/)
Some time logon users do not own writable authorization to make modifications to the WordPress theme, so we choose “Inject WP pulgin malicious” as an alternative strategy to acquiring a web shell.
So, once you have access to a WordPress dashboard, you can attempt installing a malicious plugin. Here I’ve already downloaded the vulnerable plugin from exploit db.
Click here **to download the plugin for practice.
Since we have zip file for plugin and now it’s time to upload the plugin.
Dashboard > plugins > upload plugin
Browse the downloaded zip file as shown.
Once the package gets installed successfully, we need to activate the plugin.
When everything is well setup then go for exploiting. Since we have installed vulnerable plugin named “reflex-gallery” and it is easily exploitable.
You will get exploit for this vulnerability inside Metasploit framework and thus load the below module and execute the following command:
1234 | use exploit/unix/webapp/wp_slideshowgallery_uploadset rhosts 192.168.1.101set targeturi /wordpressexploit |
As the above commands are executed, you will have your meterpreter session. Just as portrayed in this article, there are multiple methods to exploit a WordPress platformed website.
Post Exploitation
Extract usernames and passwords:
Change admin password:
WordPress Protection
Regular Updates
Make sure WordPress, plugins, and themes are up to date. Also confirm that automated updating is enabled in wp-config.php:
Also, only install trustable WordPress plugins and themes.
Security Plugins
****Wordfence Security****
****Sucuri Security****
****iThemes Security****
Other Recommendations
Remove default admin user
Use strong passwords and 2FA
Periodically review users permissions
Limit login attempts to prevent Brute Force attacks
Rename
wp-admin.php
file and only allow access internally or from certain IP addresses.
****
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